The Beginning of a Never Ending Conflict :: essays research papers

Today, Christianity is filled with different denominations. Each denomination differs in opinion in certain areas. The origin of the differences in Christianity dates back to the Roman pudding stone when Christianity was developed. The Roman Empire was primarily polytheistic and people in the empire were expected to conform and bow down to all Roman gods. Judaism was the first worship to claim that there was only one God, a strictly monotheistic view. Despite Roman expectations of conformation, Judaism was not seen as a threat to the empire and Jews do their religion with minimal persecution. On the other hand, Christianity (also monotheistic) was seen as a threat to the success and continuation of the empire mainly because of savior Christ and His teachings. The first chase of Christ were Jews. Non-Jewish followers, called Gentiles (Wiesner pg. 67), created an argument of whether or not they should conform to Judaism. A direct result of that argument was the separation of Jew s and Gentiles, and the development of Christianity. Christianity was based on the lessons of rescuer, but there was initial diversity in the ideas of the Gentile followers. The Apostles transformed initial diversity in Christianity into a definite split between orthodoxy (truth) and heresy (false) by institutionalizing the orthodoxy in the Apostolic gospel singing, the Church, and the Apostolic Tradition.The orthodoxy of the Creed, written by the Apostles, played a very large role in separating true ideas from heresies because it displayed definite answers to counterpoint ideas. Among the conflicting ideas of the era, the Creed addressed four major concepts and declared them as orthodox. Gnostic thinkers such as Saturnius and Marcion declared that God did not create the world and that Jesus was not the Son of God. Saturnius, affirmed that there was a Father who made seven angels, and the world, and all things therein, was made by those certain angels... (Irenaeus, Against Heresi es, pg. 78). He also claimed that, Jesus was not born of a virgin but was the son of Joseph and Mary, like other men... (Irenaeus, Against Heresies, pg. 79). Marcion denied God the credit of creating the universe by removing the teachings of the Lord wherein he is nigh manifestly described as acknowledged the maker of this universe to be His Father in both Luke and the Epistles of Paul. The very first sentence of the Creed addresses those two viewpoints. It declared that God created the universe, and that Jesus is the Son of God.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder In Veterans :: Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD

As with many other diseases, early detection and treatment of mental disorders are key components to rehabilitation and a cure. The prognosis for a better quality of life for veterans suffering with PTSD is increased through early intervention. The VA has developed the Seamless Transition program for the chump group of soldiers that served in Iraq and Afghanistan (Currey, 2007). The focus of the program is to deliver the highest level of care in a timely manner, according to Dr. Roswell, M.D. (Currey, 2007). A holistic approach is taken by social workers to treat the whole person and not just the symptoms. Social work practice often requires advocating and navigating for clients within bureaucratic systems. New soldiers introduction the war are at risk of being exposed to trauma, which increases the chance of being diagnosed with PTSD. Other target groups at heightened risk for PTSD are those ask to serve multiple deployments and female service members. According to the NADCP (2007) 1 in 5 veterans report symptoms of a mental disorder. These figures can be utilized to forebode and implement future treatment needs and funding requirements. Streamlining the application process, by allowing timely access to benefits, can result in reduced benefit necessities. A policy which improves access to benefits for veterans is supported by veterans organizations everywhere. A recent change in the policy removes the requirement for veterans to submit written enfranchisement of a stressful event during military service. The most critical support for this change is that of U.S. politicians who make policy decisions. President Obama, in his speech on July 10, 2011, denotative his support for veterans, specifically those suffering with PTSD. He understands the plight of soldiers of war, whether in combat or non-combat, being affected by the wars trauma. President Obama unsounded the necessity for new policy as the old policy prevented many of those with P TSD from receiving the care they needed. As stated by the President I tiret think our troops on the battlefield should have to take notes to keep for claims applications (The White House, 2010). The Texas Veteran Commission, realizing the growing number of veterans with PTSD, is optimistic in its apparent horizon that the new policies will allow this vulnerable group easier access to benefits (Cervantes, 2010).B. Christopher Frueh, a professor of psychology and director of the Division of Social Sciences at the University of Hawaii, is not a supporter of the rule change.

The Fabulous Fifties Essay examples -- essays research papers

Some may call it the fabulous fifties, but others call it a time of tensions and insecurities. Several people count back on the fifties and remember them as the good old days, while others think of it as a time of crisis and terror. Although Americans were faced with many hardships throughout the fifties, I think that the positive aspects such as the new technologies, growing economy, gameer focus on culture, and growing job opportunities of the era outnumber the negative aspects, such as racism that African Americans faced, and the changing roles of women, making the fifties an overall happy period in American history. The fifties are characterized as a river basin period, due to the unparallel growth and change that America socially and economically experienced after WWII. In the years during the War and the Depression there was high employment, low inflation and a yearning for normalcy, and stability in many Americans lives. The fifties changed all of this providing the Americ an culture with prosperity by way of entanglement television, air conditioning, computers, jet travel, a national highway system, chain hotels, and franchised fast food that made businesses boom. The fifties are also characterized as a favourable age when everything was simple and innocent. People had peace and prosperity due to the war ending, and they expressed their feelings of excitement and anticipation through their clothing with men dressing in suits and hats, and women in dresses, stockings and heels, and by going out dancing to big bands downtown, and experimenting with the new technologies and organizations of the time.With World War II bringing thousands of men back to America quest new lives and opportunities, the US experienced an economic expansion like it had never seen before. During the middle of the twentieth century wages increased 22%, family income went up from $3,000 to $5,400, and the clear National Product increased from $206 billion to $440 billion. In o rder for the country to meet the demands of the massive consumptions of the American people, industries had to expand and create more efficient shipway of selling there products through advertisements, which as a result provided citizens with more job opportunities. In my opinion I think that the fifties were defian... ...greater emphasis on engineering and mathematics, which provided a boom in many of these careers. The Government began building technical institutes focused on scientific, and space research encouraging Americans to further their education in these areas. After the Sputnik event, the US economy began to fall. Unemployment grew, and problems were erupting in the White House. Sherman Adams was dismissed for taking bribes, and many people were becoming to think that life was not as good as they thought it was.To many the fifties was a period when the United States prospered and dominated much of the worlds economy, a time when girls wore poodle dog skirts and guys wo re leather jackets and danced around to Elvis and rock & roll. When Americans began to take advantage of leisure time experiencing new inventions like hula-hoops, Barbie dolls, becoming active in sports like baseball and football, and making television a dominant part of mass media. Although it was also a time when society underwent world shattering changes, it was a period in history that helped stabilized a country that just got out of war and prepared America for the changes that it experiences in the upcoming years.

Low Participation Rates amongst Latino Parents in Education and Metho

One of the most crucial topics in education is the affaire of parents in their childs shallow as well as their education. For the past few decades research has been conducted about the involvement of parents in their community drills as well as the influence that is has. However, it has been celebrated that it is within minority communities and families where there is the least list of involvement in their childs school and education, more so in Hispanic communities. Although the amount of involvement does non necessarily reflect the parents concern of the childs academic performance, educators chip in proclaimed that parental involvement does in fact attend to the student perform academically better Various studies indicate that parental involvement is salient in determining how well children do in school at both the elementary and secondary school levels (Christian et. al., 1998). Yet, it has come to many educational leaders attention that there has been a steady decline i n parental involvement across the country and Latino and other minority communities seem to have the lowest number of participation in their school. Many researchers have investigated and still do to find the cause of why there is a lack of parents involved in school within these minority communities. Parental involvement has become of the centerpieces of educational dialogue among educators, parents, and political leaders. The presence of more parents in the workforce, the fast pace of modern society as a while and the declining theatrical role of the family have all been reasons that some social-scientist have pointed to explain an apparent decline in parental involvement in education(Coleman & Hoffer, 1987). This is one of the growing believed reasons in why there ... ...viting parents no matter the gender, class, or race to become involved in their school. Martinez-Cosios case in her article is a hone example of what occurs daily to parents whom try to get involved, more so Latinos. However, this is not always the case. Researchers are digging deeper into the more emotional aspect of why Latino parents tend to lack in parental involvement in the schools. The women felt that the school was an extension of their home, and that the teachers served as surrogate mothers (Ramirez, 2003). Latino women see school as another home for their child as well as see the teachers as another mother to their child therefore, it is easy to conclude that mothers do not participate in their childs school because they believe that the surrogate mothers take safekeeping of everything involved within the school while they take care of home issues.

The Role of the Individual: A look inside the Galactic World of Star Wa

Star Wars takes place a long time ago in a galaxy that is unlike anything modern society could conceive as being authentic. It exists in a time before Earth was even thought of. At the start of the movie, a civil war is occurring between the Rebel Alliance and The Galactic Empire. A leader of the Rebel Alliance, Princess Leia, stole plans from the Galactic Empire (also cognise as the Imperial forces) for the closing Star. The Death Star was a very heavily armed space station with weapons capable of destroying an entire planet. After take the plans, Princess Leia sent two droids, R2-D2 and C-3PO, to the planet Tatooine with a copy of the plans in R2-D2s memory bank. The droids are then captured and sold to a farming family. The nephew of the farming family was Luke Skywalker. Skywalker decided to break up the droids and triggered a message from Princess Leia requesting assistance from an Obi-Wan Kenobi. Skywalker doesnt know who that is but he does know of a Ben Kenobi. The next d ay he seeks out Ben Kenobi and Ben introduces himself as Obi-Wan Kenobi. He reveals to Skywalker that he was a former Jedi Knight. A Jedi Knight is a peacekeeper in the Star Wars galaxy. This is the point in the movie where some action begins.Kenobi reveals to Luke that Lukes father, Anakin Skywalker, was also a Jedi Knight. Ben and Anakin fought unneurotic in the galactic wars. Luke is told his father was killed by Darth Vader. Kenobi gives Luke his fathers light saber. Kenobi views the message that the droid R2-D2 contains. In the message, Princess Leia begs Kenobi to take the plans stored in R2-D2s memory bank to the planet of Alderaan. Princess Leia wishes for her father to analyze the Death Star plans. Luke is asked by Kenobi to accompany him on... ...TH 32).The light saber is much more than just a weapon in the Star Wars galaxy. The lightsaber must be apply actively. It is not like a magical amulet or talisman that provides passive protection against evil. It is something t hat must be actively utilise and the way it is used can be for inviolable or evil. The wielder holds a lot of power when it comes to a light saber. If Luke uses it for good, the light side of the force, then the light saber is a symbol of justice. However, if he uses it for evil, the dark side of the force, then it is a symbol of destruction. The light saber being given to Luke is just one of Kenobis responsibilities. The other responsibility of Kenobi is to help Luke find his place in society by introducing him to the Force. In order for Luke to understand what the force is about, Kenobi must guide him how it is used for both good and evil (MYTH 36).

The Role of the Individual: A look inside the Galactic World of Star Wa

sentience Wars takes place a long time ago in a galaxy that is unlike anything modern fellowship could understand as being au and sotic. It exists in a time before Earth was even thought of. At the start of the movie, a civil war is occurring between the Rebel Alliance and The Galactic Empire. A leader of the Rebel Alliance, Princess Leia, stole plans from the Galactic Empire (also known as the Imperial forces) for the Death Star. The Death Star was a very heavily armed space station with weapons capable of destroying an entire planet. After stealing the plans, Princess Leia sent two droids, R2-D2 and C-3PO, to the planet Tatooine with a simulate of the plans in R2-D2s memory bank. The droids are then captured and sold to a farming family. The nephew of the farming family was Luke Skywalker. Skywalker decided to clean the droids and triggered a message from Princess Leia requesting assistance from an Obi-Wan Kenobi. Skywalker doesnt know who that is save he does know of a Ben Ke nobi. The next day he seeks out Ben Kenobi and Ben introduces himself as Obi-Wan Kenobi. He reveals to Skywalker that he was a former Jedi Knight. A Jedi Knight is a peacekeeper in the Star Wars galaxy. This is the point in the movie where some action begins.Kenobi reveals to Luke that Lukes father, Anakin Skywalker, was also a Jedi Knight. Ben and Anakin fought together in the galactic wars. Luke is told his father was killed by Darth Vader. Kenobi gives Luke his fathers absolved saber. Kenobi views the message that the droid R2-D2 contains. In the message, Princess Leia begs Kenobi to take the plans stored in R2-D2s memory bank to the planet of Alderaan. Princess Leia wishes for her father to analyze the Death Star plans. Luke is asked by Kenobi to accompany him on... ...TH 32).The light saber is much more than just a weapon in the Star Wars galaxy. The lightsaber must be used actively. It is not like a magical talisman or talisman that provides passive protection against evil . It is something that must be actively used and the way it is used can be for good or evil. The wielder holds a lot of power when it comes to a light saber. If Luke uses it for good, the light side of the force, then the light saber is a symbol of justice. However, if he uses it for evil, the dark side of the force, then it is a symbol of destruction. The light saber being given to Luke is just one of Kenobis responsibilities. The other responsibility of Kenobi is to help Luke find his place in society by introducing him to the Force. In order for Luke to understand what the force is about, Kenobi must guide him how it is used for both good and evil (MYTH 36).

Hunting laws essay Essay

Why are people likely to break hunting laws, whereas the people with the license are the ones that suffer? over the years people move over violated hunting laws. There has been little research for motivations for poaching. Illegal taking of wildlife is a serious problem in todays society. Questions such as these prompted are discussed in the dickens following articles Illegal Hunting and Angling the Neutralization of Wildlife, by Stephen L. Eliason, and an article by tag Hood Rules of the Game. At first it may appear that only way these two drop a liners might meet incommon ground would be in a head on collision. Nevertheless after reading their articles more carefully, one can realize that Eliason and Hood are actually saying two different things. Initially, these articles run throughm to be very little in common. Although their titles, for example, convey the same image Eliasons aggressive Illegal Hunting and Angling the Neutralization of Wildlife versus Hoods passive Rules of the Game. Their subject matters and these authors reasons for writing make them very dissimilar, Eliason states how the very impactof poaching has affected our society by contrast Hood is merely stating the facts of our topical anaesthetic Texas granular laws. Between Eliasons use of his method of trying to inform the reader what poaching can do and Hoods general statements on how to follow Texas game warden laws, readers have difficulty recognizing a neutral meeting ground between these persistent writers. Villasenor 2 This strong insistence by each writer that hunting laws should be followed, however, helps the readers see the two differences between these two articles.For both authors, the proposition that hunting laws should be followed is their way of trying to reach out to the general public. For instance Hood states local Texas hunting laws and gives you basic information on how they should be followed. Eliason however is stating on how poaching affects the country as a whole and has enough data and facts to lay down his cause.Regarding the similar topic though, we find Hood and Eliason expressing very different views. According to Hood he is stating the dos and donts every hunter should know in fronthinting predators and non-game animals. Eliason cites a much more informative article stating the affects of the ecological impact of poaching and much more evidence to support his view point.Although Eliason and Hood write about the differences in hunting laws, readers can not see a common ground. Upon close analysis, their articles reveal more then several points of dissimilarity. Both writers have two totally different viewpoints about hunting laws. Readers can recognize that Eliasons and Hoods statements prove to be different.

Legt1710

LEGT1710 Business and the Law designation 1 Semester 1, 2013 Word Limit 1000 words Due Week 4 to be handed in to your tutor in your Week 4 tutorial class (ie the week commencing Monday 25 March 2013) Part One (10 marks) Reflecting on the lectures well-nigh the doctrine of precedent and how judges can make laws in the Australian legal system, and using Latimers Australian Business Law (CCH, 2013), explain how juridic decisions can change the law and what is meant by the common law.Use case examples to illustrate your answer. (Suggest 700-800 words) Part Two (5 marks) Australia was originally governed from England. Imagine that the British Government passed an solve which stated that All land in New South Wales shall be held on leasehold title from the Crown. Would this be a valid Act if passed in (1) 1795? (2) 1895? (3) 1995? (Suggest 200-300 words) Guidelines for Assignment 1 Your starting point will be to read the week 1 and 2 lecture notes and tutorial materials. elevant chap ters of Paul Latimers Australian Business Law32nd edn, 2013. Students may also want to consider referring to other business law textbooks available through the UNSW Law Library online materials available on the UNSW Library database (such as journal articles, cases, commentaries etc). Students are asked NOT TO BOTHER THE LAW LIBRARIANS unnecessarily. Students should reference their answers appropriately see Course Outline at Appendix A, pp 6-9. (NOTE a bibliography is NOT required for this Assignment. )

Corporate Social Responsibility of San Miguel Brewery Inc. Essay

San Miguel Corporations commitment to bring grapheme products to each and any Filipino home has brought together well-loved brands that unclutter everyday life a celebration. No other fraternity in Philippine history has developed much(prenominal) a rich and diverse product portfolio covering the beverage, food and packaging industries as San Miguel. Prior to the creation of San Miguel Brewery Inc., all of SMCs beer operations were under the San Miguel Beer variableness (SMBD), a pedigree unit of SMC. San Miguel Brewery Inc. was incorporated on July 26, 2007, and the domestic beer business was spun off from SMC effective October 1, 2007.The spin-off of SMCs domestic beer business into SMB was intended to put one over the value of SMCs flagship business. Due to wide varieties of products, San Miguel Corporation had this brand extension called the San Miguel Brewery Inc. SMB is the largest producer of beer in the Philippines, with a total market sh be of approximately more tha n 95% in 2008. The Company has five breweries strategically located across the Philippines and a highly developed distribution system serving approximately 471,000 sell outlets.SMB has breweries in each of Valenzuela City, Metro Manila San Fernando City, Pampanga Mandaue City, Cebu Bacolod City, Negros Occidental and Darong, Sta. Cruz, Davao del Sur, with a total annual production capacity of 15.1 million hectoliters. Each of these breweries is equipped with automated facilities undetermined of packaging the Companys products in a variety of sizes and formats, including bottles, cans, and kegs San Miguel grew to its commanding position in the Southeast Asian market in spite of semipolitical upheaval, infrastructure glitches, and high taxes. It achieved its status through aggressive competitive strategies and shrewd long-range think over the decades. In todays corporate world, around business organizations nourish realized the importance to the perception of their clients and c onsumers on the role of the organizations in national development. They perceive that this can be accomplished by share a significant portion their profit.A corporations initiatives in well-disposed accountability broaden with growth of its business. This is especially true when social responsibility is woven into the fabric of its corporate structure. San Miguel is a partnership of people who care about people and communities we serveand partner with as well as the businesses we manage. We impart a proud history of doing business honorably of working to improve the quality of life and giving something back. societal responsibility exemplifies our spirit of caring. We care for our environment, our stakeholders, our customers and investors, our army communities and our people because they are integral to our growth. Our programs are design to enhance the relevance of social responsibility endeavors as we partner with this vital linkage to our various businesses. Social respons ibility is a commitment we pursue for the long-term as we continue to honor our social covenant with various publics. Eduardo M. Cojuangco Jr. (Chairman and CEO of San Miguel)Grewal & Levy (2008) verbalise that Corporate Social right (CSR) is the set of activities taken by a company in addressing the impacts of the business operations to its stakeholders. Thorne & Ferrell (2012) defined stakeholders as people that have a claim on the companys products, operations, market industry and outcomes. The company is committed to the empowerment of San Miguel host communities and various stakeholders by harnessing corporate social responsibility among various San Miguel businesses in pursuing mutually beneficial program that lead to self reliance and sustainability. In creating an environment of sharing SMB comply with the insurance on environment and environment management system. Under this is solid waste segregation, energy and water conservation, reuse, reduce, recycle and scrap sellin g. SMB also follows the Hazard Analysis little Control Point (HACCP).Two years ago, the San Miguel Beer Division began implementing an international standard for food safety assurance, the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) program. Adapting HACCP for application in the breweries involved voluminous documentation, including risk assessment of raw materials, process operations, equipment, and machinery. Grewal & Levy (2008) stated that a company can act in a socially responsible manner if its employees maintain high ethical standards. Employees must realize that their individual decisions bequeath reflect the companys image towards its CSR practices. Cabrera (2009) lookd that in the business world, business ethics are the set of principles and standards that serves as guide to each individual in the company. Employees in a company may have antithetic ethics.SMB took intoconsideration the different beliefs and the ethical values of its employees thats why they ho used proper trainings to their employees to create a intelligent work environment and have knowledge in providing good service to their customers, and to fully implement their CSR practices. The main components of corporate social responsibility are economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic aspects. Its economic responsibility is to bring revenue, get at a profit and compensate for all the firms liabilities. They also have a legal responsibility to obey the rectitude, an ethical responsibility to make sound business decision that do not violate their code of conduct and a philanthropic responsibility which is to take into consideration, and give back to the community.(Pearce II and Robinson Jr.,2009) Consumers and investors nowadays are highly possible to purchase products and services from and invest in companies with CSR policies (Grewal & Levy, 2008).According to Hecht & Ramsey (2002), what you hope to become and who you are is reflected by your corporate culture. In fact one of the San Miguel value is social responsibility, which is caring beyond business. Because we care about our stakeholders, we strictly comply with the Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMP) and ISO Standards by providing high quality products we uplift the lives of our stakeholders. This study is to be undertaken to determine the general attitude of the stakeholders which involves the firm, employees, and customers, towards SMBs corporate social programs. We expect that this study will serve as a basis for the firm to evaluate and determine the effectiveness of its social programs to its employees and customers. Rue & Byars (2003) states socially responsible firm goes beyond its obligation required by law and practices long term goal that are beneficial to the society.Knowing this SMB has its own waste water plant to ensure the water disposed isnt painful to the environment. In addition, the company helps the communities where they operate by caring for the environment. Accor ding to London & Morfopoules (2010) a CSR program put in place can only imitate if it is given full consideration. A social program design and actively pursue not only for poverty alleviation, (through job and benefits for the employees), educational help (sponsoring scholarships), wellness (conducting medical and dental mission) and environmental protect (proper waste management from within and without company premises). As a part of its CSR programs, SMB conduct their outreachprograms such as tree planting activities are done by the company.The company promotes education to youth from low income families through scholarships, literacy classes and support programs like supplemental feeding, book donations and so on that strengthen communities through capability building activities and the provision of basic social services support local enterprises that bring livelihood opportunities to community groups, dependents, San Miguel retirees and other stakeholders provide assistance to disaster stricken communities through relief and rehabilitation programs and protect, preserve and regenerate the environment.The perspective on strategic CSR developed in this paper will help managers to design strategic CSR programs based on its focus and direction, pro-activeness, activity nature, unique characteristics and benefits. CSR nowadays become a trend in any company and it is considered as one of the business strategy that the firm uses to survive in the industry. But still, doing these activities, firms are not free from different problems. In addition, having a good reputation from the public not easily gained. Thus, the researchers aim to determine the perception of customers and employees of SMB. This study will go about to answer the following questionsThis study will attempt to answer the following questions1. How may the respondents be described in impairment of1.1. Age1.2. Gender1.3. Occupation1.4. Place of Recedence2. How may the Corporate Social Responsibil ity Program of San Miguel Brewery Inc. be assessed by its stakeholders in terms ofa. Ethicalb .Legalc. Economicd. Philanthropic3. Are there significant differences into the reply of the respondents?3.1. Employees3.2. Community4. What are the possible implications of the general CSR programs of SMB in creating a good perception to its customers and employees?Hypothesis HoHo There are no significant differences on the response of the respondents. In terms of the ethical, legal, economic and philanthropic practices of the company.The framework of the study is divided into three parts. The first part of the framework shows the inputs that would be processed and analyze to explore the perception of the community and employees regarding the CSR program of SMB.The next part discussed about the process that would be use in variable evaluation.The last part after the evaluation and analysis is the discussion of the result of the processed inputs. Conclusions and recommendations will be giv en after determining the impact of Corporate Social Responsibilities to San Miguel Brewery Inc.InputThe CSR practices of SMB in terms of* Economic* Ethical* Legal* PhilanthropicProcess* Frequency Distribution* Weighted Mean* T-testOutputTo determine how the CSR practices of SMB influence the perception of employees and customers.Figure 1This study on CSR of San Miguel Brewery Inc. is deemed significant to the following Owner/Manager of San Miguel Brewery Inc. This study would give further insights about the firms current status in the industry. The study would give information that the controlling officers of the company could use to evaluate how effective the current management practices are. In addition, the study could be further utilised as a tool in determining the existing challenges concerning aspects regarding its current corporate social responsibility. Industry.This study would provide information regarding the current status of the company as an integral part of the indus try in general. It would provide points that would help customers in determining if SMB is socially responsible and what practices it performs for them. Future Investors. Vital information is contained in this study, thus it is highly beneficial for individuals with investment intents. Through this, investors would gain advantage and understanding on the venture they wish to enter. This study would give them pointers on their planning and strategizing stage. Future Researches. This study would serve as a reference for future researchers in completion of academic requisites.

Marketing of Chanachur

teatime Industry of Bangladesh Bangladesh is a small afternoon tea producing country with 3% of the words tea employment. Tea is agro based, labor incentive and export oriented sector and plays an important role in the national economy through export earnings, trade end and employment generation. Our tea industry dates back to 1857 when the first tea garden was established at Malnicherra in Sylhet. To day we have 163 tea gardens. The annually production of tea 60 million Kg of made tea and hope to increase our production to 90 million Kg in the next 15 years. Basic Facts of Bangladesh Tea Industry 1.No of tea estates 163 2. No of tea factories 114 3. Total allocated area 113863. 62 hectare 4. Total area under tea 48610. 16 hectare Characteristics of Bangladeshi Tea Our tea grown on the lush green slopes of Surma and Halda Vallyes are fame for the quest a. Appearance Clearness b. Color Bright c. Liquor Pungent i. e. inviolate but not bitter d. Flavor It has flavor of Assa m tea Quality of our tea has the character of brightness with strength briskness and takes little time in brewing. Manufacture of Tea After plucking green leaf are transported to the factory for manufacture.The process of manufacturing comprises following stages- 1. Withering i. e. moisture removal of about 10-15 (65-70% wither) from leaf and bear some chemical for optimum quality development. 2. Fermentation i. e. oxidation process when tea catechins i. e. polyphonols are degraded to desirable biochemical constituents nurtured Theoflavin (TF) and Thearubigin (TR). 3. Drying i. e. moisture removal knead oxidized leaf to 2-3% at dryer mouth level. 4. Sorting i. e. grading of made tea according to particles sizes and are given a grade name e. g.FP, FBOP, BOP, GBOP, OF, FOF, PD, RD, D, CD (10 Primary Grades of CTC) while manufacturing tea in Bangladesh, bright liquor with sufficient strength and aroma, pungency and ISO 3720 are ensured. Types of Tea Bangladesh is manufacturing tea in the following two types a. CTC 99% b. Green Tea 1% The processed teas are after grading as per size and make are packed in airtight gunny bag or tea chest and sent our Bonded Warehouse in Chittagong for shipment. Types/ grades of different tea are as under- CATEGORY GRADES BROKENS FP (Flowery Pekoe) FBOP (Flowery upturned Orange Pekoe) BOP (Broken Orange Pekoe) GBOP (Golden Broken Orange Pekoe) FANNINGS OF (Orange Fanning) FOF (Flowery Orange Fanning) DUST PD (Pekoe Dust) RD (Red Dust) D (Dust) CD (Churamani Dust) Marketing System Marketing system of Bangladesh tea is defined as the process of barter of manufactured tea in bulk or packed from tea state to the buyers at Chittagong Auction or at the estates levels from where teas are sold with the permission of Bangladesh Tea Board either directly to overseas buyers or internal traders. Tea Auction is held every atomic number 90 at Chittagong. . Direct negotiation sale Tea can be exported to foreign buyers through direct negotiation between the buyers and traders. 2. Ex Garden sale In which case sales by the individual producers directly from the estate to the internal buyers (wholesalers & Retailers) take place. Marketing Channels of Tea Tea estate Tea auction Packet tea manufacturer Bidders Exporters Blenders Distribution Foreign buyers Wholesale Wholesalers Retailers Retailers Internal Market Internal market deals with the wholesale and retail business of tea for internal consumption of the country.In this case both wholesale and retail trade license is to be obtained from Bangladesh Tea Board along with Bidder ship license to enter in tea auction. The Tea Traders Association under the guidance of Bangladesh Tea Board arranges auction. All these licenses are renewable yearly. 2. 1 Industry Frame The tea industry of Bangladesh consist the total production by using the 163 tea gardens. The annually production of tea 60 million Kg of made tea and hope to increase our production to 90 million Kg i n the next 15 years. the industry frame of tea is considered of national, multination and local companies.

Psycholinguistics: Linguistics and Language Production Essay

Psycholinguistics studies the relationship mingled with quarrel and mind. It studies how ar diction and speech acquired, declared, comprehended, and lost. Language acquisition and dustup licentiousness happen over era or diachronically. While language production and comprehension happen at a indisputable point of time or synchronically.Firstly, this paper will talk well-nigh language acquisition. Children are a focus of attention and affection in all societies. They go through galore(postnominal) spots in language acquisition such as tears, cooing, babbling, number 1 formulate, birth of grammar and childish creativity. During the actually first few weeks of a childs life, crying is his only way to show what he needs. Crying is unaffected by intentional control from the nervous system, which is responsible for human behavior. At the in truth beginning, babys crying is completely iconic. For ensample, when the child is hungry, his or her crying becomes louder and loud er, it also increases in pitch. During the first two months of the childs life, his or her crying becomes more symbolic.At these early stages, babies preservenot depend on themselves. They depend completely on their care canvasrs for several years. This stools on enormous degree of early bonding and socialization. As a result of the extensive interaction between the children and their caretakers, children start to coo, making soft gurgling sounds, to express satisfaction. The cooing stage emerges at two months. When the child is about sextet months old, he or she starts to babble. This babbling stage refers to the natural tendency of children to create strings of consonant-vowel syllable clusters as a kind of vocalic play. Psycholinguists distinguished between borderline babbling and pottyonical babbling. Marginal babbling is an early stage similar to cooing where the child produce few and random consonants. While canonical babbling emerges at eight months when the childs vocal ization narrow down to syllables that similar of caretakers language.Then, the child enters the first-word stage. It starts after crying, cooing, and babbling. It emerges at about unmatchable year old. Children hire idiomorphs. They are linguistic communication which children invent when they first catch on to the magical notion that certainly sounds deem a unique reference. For example, when the child soundsmilk, he or she says kaka. By using these idiomorphs, children transform from an iconic creature to a symbolic one. During this stage, children use egocentric speech. They want to talk about the objects which surround them. afterwards this previous stage, the child starts to use grammatical forms. Children start to use one word as a sentence, request or an exclamation. It is referred to as the holophrastic stage. Psycholinguists believe that the intentional, signed and contextual clues which accomp any(prenominal) holophrases make it clear those children are using single wo rd sentence, exactly as gravids do in conversations. The child starts to make sentences by a grammatical form. They can develop they use of grammar by imitating their caretakers. For example, when the father says backwards, his daughter imitated him by saying rightwards. They start to create sentences after the holophrastic stage, first with two language and subsequently with more.Childish creativity is an important stage during the childs life. Childrens language is determined for their mother tongue. For example, children who rose up in china, they speak Chinese. Children are creative. They come up with new words and expressions which are not in their native language or not perceive in their bilingual environments. Children are a bit more corresponding well-programmed computers, who make creative, but often inaccurate guesses about the rulers and patterns of the language they are acquiring. They create to construct or reconstruct their mother tongue.Secondly, this paper will t alk about language production. We fail sometimes to appreciate our gifts underlying so many of our everyday activities, such as writers and artists. We realize how much we take our actions for granted only through release of injury. Language production is very important for us. Psycholinguists dual-lane language production into four stages, conceptualization, formulation, articulation and self-monitoring.Conceptualization is the first step in language production. It means how to conceptualize the speech in our mind. The theory of the American psycholinguist, David McNeill , says that primitive linguistic concepts are formed as two modes of thought. These are syntactic thinking, which creates the sequence of words which we typically think of when we talk about how language is initiated, and imagistic thinking, which creates a visual mode of communication. Syntactic thinking and imagistic thinking collaborate together to conceptualize conversation.Formulation is the second step in la nguage production. It is the eventual(prenominal) output of the process. It is easier to formulate than to conceptualize. The psycholinguist , Karl lashely, published an essay focused on the psychology of language. It concentrated on how speakers produce words, sound, sentences and phrases together so rapidly and accurately. He talked about how common it is to commit spelling errors when one is typing. These slips of the tongue or the pen are not linguistic passing during capitulum damage. They are normal mistakes occurs in everyday speaking and writing. We can make back-track and cover it.Slips of the tongue happen between two constants or two vowels. It has a certain pattern. on that point is the be after of higher level of speech. It is to analyze the steps we switch to take and the decisions we brook in order to produce an intended utterance. For example, at that place is a conversation between you and your friend about a certain situation. You decided that something is n ot important. You can choose to formulate it by some factors as politeness. It could be stated in an affirmative of negative response such as, it is nothing or it is trivial.Articulation is the third step in language production. What happens in our mind is very similar to what happens in the computer when I want to print some information. The conceptualization stage perceive itself as the primary and ultimate composer of communication, and the formulation stage pride itself as the conductor of speech sounds, but without the instrument of articulation, the music of our voices remain unheard and unappreciated. Like the motion of the printer which connected with the computer to produce what I wrote. Human larynxs position plays an important role in speaking. It gives the human the dexterity to articulate speech. Its lower position gives humans the ability to articulate speech sounds.Self- monitoring if the final step in language production. All speakers and writers of any language, regardless of their degree of native fluency, commit linguistic blunders. Here, we have errors and mistakes. For native speakers, they do not commit errors, but they commit mistakes. They can self-correct immediately. While for non-native speakers, they commit errors and they are not able to notice it or correct it.Thirdly, this paper will talk about language comprehension. Understanding language is an automatic task which happens very quickly. Sounds or letters strike our ears or eyeball creating words which form phrases, clauses and sentences. Understanding language was divided into four stages, comprehension of sounds, comprehension of words, comprehension of sentences and comprehension of texts.In the comprehension of sounds, psycholinguists did an experiment on a group of people. They gave them four sentences and each sentence has a missing word. They gave them the last syllable of each missing word and asked them to write down each word. For example, (1) it was found that the eel was on the axle, (2) it was found that the eel was on the shoe , (3) it was found that the eel was on the orange, (3) it was found that the eel was on the table. This insertion of different missing sounds to create a separate and appropriate word in each sentence is called the phoneme restoration effect. From the comprehension of the other words in the sentence, they can expect the missing word.Comprehension of words is more mingled than the comprehension of sounds. Each word has many sounds. Even in short and one syllable words, we can find that they composed of many sounds. Each language has thousands of words where we can find some similar words which make us confuse in the meaning. One model that psycholinguists have adopted to account for this complexness is Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP). Its perspective argues that we use several separate and parallel processes when we understand spoken or written language. When someone hear or insure a word, he or she can stimu late an individual logogen (verve cells) or lexical detection device for that word. These logogens link to individual neurons in neuronal network. Then, they air out themselves and work in parallel with many other logogens to create comprehension. on that point are comprehension of high frequency words and comprehensions of low frequency words. richly frequency words are rapidly and frequently comprehended like boy and orange. While low frequency words take a long time to be comprehended like exotic and logogen. Psycholinguists divided the comprehension of words into several ways, in term of their spelling, on the basis of their pronunciation, and in terms of grammatical functions. In term of their spelling, like the homophones, the words pronounced alike but spelled differently, for example threw and through. On the basis of their pronunciation, like homographs, words spelled alike but pronounced differently, for example leadnoun and lead verb. In terms of grammatical functions, the word may be function as a verb and a noun or either of them only.There is other example of the uselessness of (PDP) approach to the comprehension of words most of us encounter during our daily life. It is what psycholinguists named as the Tip of the Tongue (TOT) phenomenon. This phenomenon occurs when we know a word but we cannot remember it to pronounce it. It is on the tip of the tongue. The word is not completely forgotten, but we can remember usually the first syllable of this word. This means that our long term memory storage is better for recognition than for intend.Comprehension of sentences is more complex than comprehension of sounds and words. Psycholinguists base their researches to examine the comprehension of sentences on the model of sentence grammar which proposed by Chomsky in 1950s. Chomsky model claimed that all sentences were generated from a phrase structure skeleton has a series of transformational rules which is named as (Transformational Generative Gr ammar). These transformations are very powerful. They could create many verities of sentences by rearranging, adding, deleting or substituting words in the original sentence.Psycholinguists examine these transformations on a group of native listeners to notice their level of comprehension. Example number one is the dog is chasing the cat. While example number two is Is not the cat chase by the dog?. Example number one is easier than example number two, because it has three transformational changes it has been transformed into a negative, passive and interrogative sentence. Psycholinguists called this process as derivational Theory of Complexity (DTC), because difficulty in comprehension was derived from number of transformations that were added to the original and simple sentence.Psycholinguists made experiments to test (DTC). They gave a group of listeners a number of sentences and asked them to recall both the sentence they had just heard and a string of words. They found that when the sentence becomes more complicated than the previous sentence and the number of sentences becomes more than one or two, the listener remembers fewer and fewer words. They also confuse by additional transformations in each sentence.Comprehension of texts is more complex than the others. When someone pack or hear a text, he or she can remember the content but not typically the grammar of each sentence. The presence or absence seizure of our background information can affect dramatically the way we remember a piece of discourse. Grammatically, we can remember simple sentences not complicated ones, for example we can remember active sentences than passive ones.Finally, this paper will talk about language dissolution or language loss. Language dissolution can be caused by unhappy accident which violates the language area of the brain, a traumatic event in our personal life, or genetic disorders. Psycholinguists found that the dissolution of language whether due to accident or ag e, is a rich source of information about how the human mind controls our attempt to communicate.Neurolinguistics and language loss have two things which are the evidence from aphasia and the surgical evidence. Neurolinguistics is an offspring of psycholinguistics, investigates how the human brain creates and processes speech and language. Firstly, we will talk about the loss of language due to brain damage. To understand how this happens, we need to clear up some misunderstandings about the human brain and how it functions. Anatomically, the brain has two separate and virtually identical cerebral hemispheres. There are millions of associations pathways which connect the left playscript and the right hemispheres together, so any information in either hemisphere is shared with the other.Our central interest is in language not in the anatomical mapping of human neurology, so we concerned with the location of the control of speech organs and the sensation of speech. If I take the left hand and cup it over the left ear so that the palm of the hand is clapped over the ear hole. I can find that the left hand covers most of the left side of the head. If I opened the skull, I will find under the first two fingers, two vertical strips of brain tissues caterpillar tread down from the top of the head. They have the same size of the two fingers. It is the area of the brain which is responsible for the production and comprehension of human language. Under the middle finger, there is the motor cortex which responsible for muscular movements. While under the index finger, there is the sensory cortex. The top of the motor cortex and sensory cortex take care of the movement and sensation of the feet. While the bottom of these two strips are responsible for the head, mouth and throat.We can find that the top of the brain controls the lower burst of the body and the vice versa. The left side of the brain is responsible for the right side of the brain and the vice versa. The t op parts of the motor and sensory cortexes are responsible for the movement and sensation of the feet. While the bottom parts of them are responsible for the head.Humans are susceptible to injury in the central nervous system. The damage could arise from a loss of blood supply to the location of the central nervous system due to stroke, or invasive injury like an automobile accident or gunshot wound. There are two consequences that make the central nervous system unique in relation to any part of your body. Firstly, there is no pain receptor in the brain that is why a stroke, unlike a heart attack, is not a plaguey experience. The second thing is that the central nervous system does not regenerate. Once it is damaged, it does not grow back.Now, let us speak about the surgical evidence. There are two kinds of surgical operation have a particular bearing on questions of language dissolution. The first operation is hemispherectomy and the second one is split-brain operation. In rare c ases, when the neurosurgeons find that either the left or right hemisphere of a patient was hardly affected, he or she opens this affected side of the skull and require the entire left or right hemisphere. This operation performs on adults or children under the age of ten. For an adult, this operation causes a dramatic effect on them. When an adult undergoes a left hemispherectomy, he or she becomes completely aphasic, except for a few words of automatic speech. While, if this operation performed on children, it does not lead to loss of speech. The factor here for these causes is the age of the brain.During the first decades of human life, the human brain is continuously evolving and growing. Linguistic functions have not yet localized to specific areas of the brain. This gives a neuroplasticity of the still maturing brain. When a young brain encounters traumatic injury, even to the extent of losing an entire cerebral hemisphere, because it is still maturing, and because the primary areas of cognitive and linguistic functioning have not established, a child does not suffer the functional loss that an adult does. Children aphasia exists and stem from neurological abnormalities such as autism.The second operation is the split-brain operation which was developed in 1970s to treat specific cases of severe epilepsy. This operation was developed to spare sufferers from the terrible trauma of major seizures, because there are certain severe and singular forms of epilepsy which remain unaffected by pharmacological treatment. Epilepsy is caused by discharges in the motor cortex in one hemisphere that are contractable to the corresponding cortex of the other hemisphere via the corpus callosum. There are a few negative consequences to the operation, and this rests largely on the fact that our senses are bilaterally represented. After the corpus callosum is cut, in normal, everyday situations, information from either eye goes to both hemispheres.Speech and language disor ders are divided into dissolution from non-damaged brains and language loss through aging. There are two examples of disorders which causes dissolution from non-damage brain. These two examples are stuttering and autism. Stuttering is one of the most common articulation problems. It occurs, most frequently on the sign word of a clause, the first syllable of a word, the initial consonant of a syllable, and on stop consonants. There is a theory represents the extreme behavioral flock and claims that stuttering originates from traumatic events occurring in early childhood when sensitive parents and primary school teachers are too assiduous in attempting to ensure that the child speaks fluently.There is another theory states that stammering is caused by the absence of unambiguous lateralization of speech to the left hemisphere. There another disorder which is autism. The first signs of this disorder are apparent in infants, before speech has really developed. Autism is referred to as childhood schizophrenia. An autistic infant exhibits a disregard for human interaction and ignores eye and face contact. This condition creates a lack of social interaction. At the end, the reduction in physical and mental abilities does accompany the aging process. When we become older, the language may be lost quickly.

Organization Behavior Analysis Essay

Consequently, in the United States, organizational behavior and prudence researchers started studying the role that ending plays in the business community. The investigation led to some confusion. Some believed that the national polish of Japan was the driving force behind the competitive achievementes of businesses in that coun chasten. To others, however, it was the cultures of limited companies that created the advantage. My political party uses the Pluralism method. The first distinction to be made when studying culture is the take of analysisa nation versus a specific phoner.An individual company constitutes the level of analysis. Therefore, organizational culture consists of a set of sh bed meanings and values held by a set of members in an organization that distinguish the organization from other organizations. An organizations culture determines how it perceives and reacts to the larger environment (Becker, 1982 Schein, 1996). Culture determines the nature of an indi viduals experience in an organization in both for-profit companies and noncommercial enterprises. Over time, employees find out how the company works, what is rewarded, and what is punished.Questions, answers, myths, stories, and jargon all become part of the organizational experience. When the person matches the organizational type, the fit produces the best chances for individual success. Company leaders enjoy distinct advantages when an organization exhibits a demonstrable culture. Positive cultures are democratic and progressive. They nurture and value the contri preciselyions of members. Positive cultures tend to be more flexible and adaptable, making the organization better able to abide the challenges of a dynamic demesne (Benn, 2011). Organizational leaders pull in vested interests in trying to chassis positive cultures over time.Some studies suggest that culture can play a larger role in employee motivation than pay (Gifford, Zammuto, Goodman, & Hill, 2002). Organizat ional culture can help managers reach their goals while helping employees adapt to company life. The benefits of a positive culture include stability, employee self- heed, and assistance in integrating sore employees into the work take.Communicating with the IRS for a taxpayer regarding the taxpayers rights, privileges, or liabilities under laws and regulations administered by the IRS. Representing a taxpayer at conferences, hearings, or skirmishs with the IRS. Preparing and filing documents, including tax returns, with the IRS for a taxpayer. Providing a client with compose advice which has a potential for tax avoidance or evasion. Furnishing information at the request of the IRS or appearing as a witness for the taxpayer is not go for in advance the IRS. Other individuals who may serve as fiddleatives. Because of their special relationship with a taxpayer, the following individuals can consist the specified taxpayers before the IRS, abided they present acceptable identific ation and, except in the case of an individual described in (1) below, proof of authority to represent the taxpayer.An individual. An individual can represent himself or herself before the IRS and does not have to file a written declaration of qualification and authority. 2. A family member. An individual can represent members of his or her immediate family. Immediate family includes a spouse, child, parent, brother, or sister of the individual. 3. An officer. A bona fide officer of a corporation (including a parent, subsidiary, or other affiliated corporation), association, or organized group can represent the corporation, association, or organized group.An officer of a governmental unit, agency, or authority, in the course of his or her official duties, can represent the organization before the IRS. 4. A partner. A general partner may represent the partnership before the IRS. 5. An employee. A regular full-time employee can represent his or her employer. An employer can be, but is not limited to, an individual, partnership, corporation (including a parent, subsidiary, or other affiliated corporation), association, trust, receivership, guardianship, estate, organized group, governmental unit, agency, or authority. . A fiduciary. A fiduciary (trustee, executor, personal representative, administrator, receiver, or guardian) stands in the correct of a taxpayer and acts as the taxpayer, not as a representative.Submit a power of attorney when you want to authorize an individual to represent you before the IRS, whether or not the representative performs any of the other acts cited earlier under What Is a Power of Attorney. A power of attorney is most a good deal required when you want to authorize another individual to perform at least one of the following acts on your behalf. . Represent you at a meeting with the IRS. 2. Prepare and file a written response to the IRS. Every day organizational operations involve processes and activities that are construed by many as vile or unpleasant parts of employment because they involve the use of authority, power, or politics. The word politics has a negative connotation for many people. Although they may try to avoid political situations, wishing them away is not possible. Furthermore, not every use of power has a negative intention or outcome.Managers can sustain power to achieve legitimate organizational goals. The end result may be an increase or decrease in personal power, and the events may be construed as being political or simply as doing his or her job. I think that this brings out a positive outcome. The three types of authority are line authority, staff authority, and functional authority. Line authority is direct, formal authority, as indicated by the vertical lines of an organization chart. Staff authority consists of the right to advise, or leaping advice.Functional authority is the right to direct but not to discipline. It emerges when an individual has been assigned a leadership r ole on a task force, reckon team, or committee. The type of authority that Internal Revenue Service is mainly line authority. I think that this brings out a positive outcome. Employee responsibility, or accountability, is the liability to carry out tasks as assigned by the supervisor. Each individual in a company is responsible to the manager at the next level up in the organizations hierarchy.The concept of parity of authority and responsibility states that equal levels of authority and responsibility should exist in each position (Fayol, 1916). Anyone who has authority should be held accountable for how that authority is used. Anyone being held responsible should have sufficient authority to get the job done. This is done in a positive manner. It gets the job done. If a manager motivates the unit, it brings out a positive outcome. A pleasant and positive job context contributes to individual and company success by enabling employees to do their best work.Through processes such a s mentoring and rewarding, which help to build self-efficacy and self-esteem in individual workers, motivated behaviors can be increased. A company with an unpleasant physical environment, poor reward system, unqualified or inept supervisors, or counterproductive cultural norms limits motivated behaviors (Kamdar & Van Dyne, 2007). Emotional parole explains why, despite equal intellectual capacity, training, or experience, some people excel while others of the same caliber lag behind.Certain competencies are found repeatedly in high performers at all levels, from customer service representatives to CEOs. As trainers we must find ways to build these talents labeled EQ (emotional intelligence quotients). research has shown that emotional intelligence, which encompasses self confidence, can be developed through things like awareness, training, coaching, and practice. That is why a growing number of organizations in the US and around the world is investing in providing their managers w ith training in emotional intelligence.The conclusion then is that if you are looking to build your self confidence as an important bill toward achieving your dreams in life, you should remove taking some training or coaching that helps you develop your emotional intelligence. If you are a trainer or a coach, you should consider adding emotional intelligence to your offerings to help your clients build the confidence to achieve their dreams. The application of the New Sciences to the management of organizations in the age of hyper competition will too be investigated, in order to see whether it could improve our understanding and insight into the modern business organization.Due to the fact that this is a new and exciting way of managing a business, the amount of research literature available is limited. As always, when entering such uncharted waters, more questions will be raised than answers given, but this is indicative of a new concept, and leaves room for more intensive rese arch which will provide a greater understanding of the value added by this management paradigm. Margaret Wheatley (1994) turns to the New Sciences to point how some of the issues discussed above might be accommodated.She shows how the New Sciences including Quantum Physics, Chaos Theory, Chemistry, and Molecular Biology provide insights into transforming how organizations organize work, people and life, in order to meet the strategic imperatives defined by DAveni. In particular, Wheatley draws on the New Sciences to apply scientific concepts to the problems of order/ change autonomy/ control structure/ flexibleness and planning/ innovation within organizations, and in so doing, calls, respectively, for free-flowing information, individual empowerment, relationship networks, and organizational change that evolves organically.This new approach to organizations is a dramatic shift away from thinking of organizations in mechanistic terms, as collections of replaceable parts, where le adership seeks prediction and control. A paradigm shift like this can only take place successfully if the necessary tools and mechanisms are available to support the application of the fundamental insights, offered by the New Sciences, to the complex adaptive system, i. e. the Organization .ConclusionIn summary, race development includes all efforts and activities conducted by individual employees and the organization to help each person choose and follow the best path. The primary concepts that apply to personal success are building an ethical foundation, becoming involved in training and preparation, finding the right person-organization fit, engaging in continuous improvement, and achieving balance. Organizational needs in like manner must be met to fully achieve a quality career development system. The age of the virtual organization is fast becoming a reality.The implications of this have to be dealt with urgently in the new millennium, as the adoption of ever newer technolo gies and the emerging trends discussed earlier will continue to manifest at an exponential rate. What is also clear is that the traditional management framework is increasingly proving itself incapable of satisfactorily dealing with the new market reality Conventional theories and practices no longer provide the necessary guidance and support for decision-making in a world of change, complexity and uncertainty.It is this, then, that is driving the move towards a new management paradigm, in terms of which the management function will be radically redefined to take emerging realities into consideration. If companies are to prosper to be drivers of their industries they will need to proactively embrace a new management philosophy that is cognizant of the dynamics of information science, accelerating change, a borderless world, the holistic approach, the New Sciences, as well as the growth of technology, and, in the words of Vernor Vinge,the dawn of the scientific Singularity.

World War I and World War II

The period afterwards World War I and World War II, this was approximately during the years 1919 to 1944, and after 1946, various sentiments appeared ranging from loss, death, suffering, knowing to be alive and family reunions. Since citizenry are still experiencing the aftermath of the war, poets and authors alike were also feeling the fever. Rupert Brooke was easily known for his war poems that vividly described what he saw, relating the fear and devastation he felt darn fighting in the battlefield.Fiction novelist D.H. Laurence, poetess Edna St. Vincent Millay and Robert Frost became well known for their works that includes Women in Love, A a few(prenominal) Figs from Thistles and a Pulitzer Award Winning collection of poems, respectively. However, other authors like John Hall Wheelock began publishing The Lib eontor, a weekly journal of criticizing the current society radically, where he soon became affiliated with the communist party.There were somewhat who were not conten ted with the result of the war and went on to protest through their writings. Filling up the peoples mind with what if questions, and if this was what they want. This somehow changed the peoples view and a mixture of reactions was elevated against their current situation. For example in the aftermath of World War II, a wave of sympathy was effrontery to the holocaust survivors, while others, still, believed in Hitlers ideology.From this event, numerous autobiographical accounts were published, the famous of which was The Diary of Anne Frank. Nonetheless, the conflict that arose from this era was that people became too sensitive in what was written down in journals, poems, stories or even in any articles. Such sensitivity was somehow dreadful for the literary works world since authors did not have the acquaintance anymore to write anything out of topic and was not able to deviate from the current issues that were going on at that time.Works CitedOnline Focus. War Poets. A Newshou r with Jim Lehrer Transcript. February 17, 2003. November 5, 2007. http//www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/entertainment/jan-june03/war_poets_2-17.htmlWorld Chronology(1919, 1920). Answers.Com Website. November 5, 2007. http//www.answers.com/topic/1919?cat=technologyliteraturehttp//www.answers.com/topic/1920?cat=technologyliteratureBetween The Covers Rare Books, Inc. Website. November 5, 2007. http//www.betweenthecovers.com/btc/awards/1000304

Bench Strength

Any thriving business is cognizant of the fact that their achievement hinges significantly upon the services and loyalty of key personnel department, as well as the ability to attract, retain and incite qualified staff. Of course it does not stop with hiring and retention, the most important aspect of human resources is to be capable to recognize potential leaders and train them accordingly so as to prepare them for more responsibilities and leading roles as they grow with the companion. The term bench strength refers to the depth of any given clubs pool of qualified and potential executives and managers.These short-listed people are being prepare to go up the corporeal ladder, in a seamless succession of leadership that entrust bring stability and increased harvest-home for the company. To make sure that the potential leaders impart be up to the task, of all timey company must(prenominal) invest in the training and development of their personnel. This training and devel opment chopine is so designed in such a flair that will harness the skills and strengths of these people, in the hopes that they will be able to jazz the company through rough waters and towards higher grounds.Potential leaders must be identified, mentored, and exposed to for each one levels of the companys operations. This way, these people are able to gain a broader and deeper insight of how the business functions, and as such, be able to contribute in all the levels of operation of the business. According to Conger (2004), Succession attention must be a flexible system that is oriented toward developmental activities, and not just a rigid list of high-potential employees and the slots they might possibly fill. An effective bench strength strategy is to farm a program that sure-firely marries succession planning and leadership training and development. This way, the company necks the skills required for leadership positions, and training will be aligned in such a way tha t these skills are successfully developed. Conger (2004) further maintains that the companies that have the most success in bench strengthening programs are those that unify succession planning and leadership development in order to create a long-term butt for managing the talent roster across their organizations. Of course a company cannot develop a succession program if its fails to institute a hiring and retention program that would ensure the appropriate fit of employees to their respective job responsibilities. humane resources must be able to attract and hire the right people the introductory time. If a company fails in this regard, staffing will eat into the companys resources, and cause disruption in the business because there is frequent change in personnel, leaving the business without any real awareness of succession. (Burkholder, 2003, p. 150) In such cases, some companies are forced to hire outsiders for leadership roles.While this is not necessarily bad, personne l who have been groomed for sensitive and executive positions are will require less adjustment both from subordinates and higher-ups alike. Companies must first look within and find potential leaders among the ranks. The sense of opportunity and career growth will inspire people and motivate them to work harder and give their exceed performance in every endeavor. Employees who know that their efforts are noticed and recognized have no reason to leave in search of greener pastures and burst opportunities.A company with loyal and hard- working(a) personnel will also have the pool of leaders that they need for a seamless succession of leaders. This internal development program not only saves on cots in name of cost in time and additional compensation to attract and hiring outside people, but more importantly, boosts the esprit de corps of the personnel and ensures the stability of the company in terms of human resources. on that pointfore before any successful succession and leader ship development can be designed, an effective staffing program must first be put in place.Burkholder (2003, 151) maintains that staffing must be aligned with the rest of the organization. This means that staffing must constitute a proactive role in the company, and not just act on a need basis. There are many techniques to ensure an effective staffing program. One method is called the Baldridge process. This program requires a company to take self-assessment. This self-assessment is designed to help companies align their business processes and operations with fluctuating business needs and with the passing erratic labor market. By so doing, this recognizes the strategic role of the staffing host in the business.(Burkholder, 2003, 152) The main advantage of victimisation the Baldridge process is that it empowers the staffing grouping and acknowledges their value in the business. Knowing that they have full support of the company, an empowered staffing group is thus able to cr eate better and more efficient hiring and recruitment programs that will ensure the best matching of people to their spheres of responsibility. The entire business must operate as a single entity, with each department geared towards forwarding the business core values and achieving financial success for the company.When designing or implementing any type of staffing and retention programs, it is important to involve all the employees. It is a good idea to hook their ideas and feedback. A cross-section of all departments must give their suggestions, this is to ensure that staffing and retention practices will be highly aligned with the needs of the company. After the programs have been implemented, there must be a system that will regularly monitor and evaluate the programs.Such a system allows dfor continued improvement buttressing the good points and working on the not-so-good aspects of the program. (Harris & Brannick, 1999, p. 206) Every organization, regardless of its size will benefit from competent people. The issue that every company must address is how to invite these people and keep them one time they have been hired. The next step once you have retained these leaders, is to provide them with growth opportunities that would harness their skills and competencies to the benefit of the entire business.As the company grows, your key personnel should be made capable to handle decision-making responsibilities. To achieve this, your staffing group must be explicitly mired in the planning and implementation of the companys business plan. By being aware of the objectives of the company, the staffing group has a framework by which to design its own hiring and retention procedures and programs in such a way that contributes to the realization of these goals. (Becker, 2001, p.29) Indeed when a department knows what is expected of them and how they can help the organization, all their energies will be focused towards the attainment of that common goal. Every co mpany must endeavor to encourage a sense of community and participation across all levels of the organization. Only then can a business ever have a chance at carving a niche for itself in the highly rivalrous world of the free market. References Becker, B. E. , Huselid, M. A. (2001). The HR Scorecard Linking People, Strategy, and Performance.Harvard Business School Press. Brannick, J. & Harris, J (1999). Finding & Keeping neat Employees. NJ AMACOM Div American Management Association. Burkholder, N. C. , Edwards, P. J. , Sartain, L. (2003). On Staffing Advice and Perspectives from HR Leaders. NJ John Wiley and Sons. Conger, J. A. & Fulmer, R. M. , (2003). Bench Strength prepare Your Next CEO. Developing Your Leadership Pipeline. Harvard Business Review. Vol. 81, No. 12. Retrieved on August 5, 2007 from http//hbswk. hbs. edu/archive/3855. html

Ode to Autumn

ODE TO downfall John Keats This metrical composition, an ode, is the last of Keats odes. In it, the poet exhibits a rich mood of serenity by describing pin as a anneal of mellow fruitfulness a season of ripeness and fulfillment. This ode is known for its remarkable sensuous cup of tea that is crafted by employment of several visual, tactile and auditory imageries together with the personification of dusk as a womanhood engaged in various autumnal activities. In the first stanza, the poet has described the bounty of autumn. It is the season of mists and the ripening of fruit. Autumn and the cheer work together for the ripening of all kinds of fruits.The vines running round the edges of the thatch and apple trees growing in the cottage garden are weighed down with fruits. Their fruits are ripening during autumn. anyhow the gourds are becoming larger and the hazel nuts are existence filled with wise kernels. For the bees, it appears as if there is no end to their happy days summer as there are more or less later flowers still blooming in autumn, providing honey to them, even if their sticky combs are over-brimmed. The beautiful give-and-take pictures and various visual and tactile imageries make the stanza a well-crafted one.In the second stanza, the poet moves from the country cottage to the outside business path and describes various activities associated with autumn. He does it by employing personification that one almost visualizes these activities. It is the season of collect and since most of the product works are performed by women, autumn is described as a woman. First, it is seen as a woman doing the work of winnowing. Secondly, one whitethorn see it as a reaper, asleep in the half-finished furrow of crops. Thirdly, it may be seen as a gleaner, keeping her corn-burdened head steady as she crosses a brook.Finally, autumn may be seen as a woman standing patiently beside a cider-press for the last drops of apple juice. unconnected the first stanza where autumn was bustling with activities, Autumn is found static in suspended activity or arrested motion in the second stanza and the readers are invited to move from one scene to another in research of Autumn. In the final stanza, the poet appears to be overwhelmed by a pessimistic idea and asks about the sweet medication of wince which is absent in autumn. However, he immediately rectifies himself and says there is nothing to worry about the songs of spring as autumn too has its own music.He then lists the various sounds of autumn which are generally perceive in the evening time. The mourning of the gnats, the loud bleating of the freehanded lambs, the singing of the hedge-crickets, the whistling of the red-breast and the twittering of the swallows are the prominent sounds that the poem deals with. Thus, the third stanza is about the music of autumn and the imagery is auditory. If in the first stanza, the positive side of autumn as the handmaid of summer is str essed, here the season is hailed as the prelude to winter.The theme of the poem is a delighted, sensuous enjoyment of the rich and mature yellowish pink of autumn season. The poets imaginative response to the beauty of autumn appears in a series of pictorial personifications of the season. The course of autumn traced in the poem is not restricted to autumn. The movement of the poem from fruition to harvest, from satisfaction to ending epitomizes the very(prenominal) process of life. Even sombreness is seen in its true perspective as inseparable from and part and parcel of the complete process. The poem is an acceptance of the beauty and the pain in life, and an affirmation of its dignity. Thou hast thy music too, is a relevant varan that each one has his own talent and should attain contentment in life. Extracts a) Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, good bosom-friend of the maturing sun Conspiring with him how to load and bless. i) Why does the poet address autumn as the season of mists and mellow fruit-fullness? Ans. The poet addresses autumn as the season of mists as during this season, we can see mists on the open fields and on the other wonky places in the mornings and evenings. He calls it a season of mellow fruitfulness because its during autumn that the fruits are in the process of ripening. i) How is autumn a dummy up bosom-friend of the maturing sun? Ans. Autumn is a close friend of the maturing sun as both of them together help the fruits to ripen to the core. iii) What do the close friends conspire? Ans. The two close friends, autumn and the sun conspire to load and bless the vines and apple trees with fruits, to swell the gourds, to plump the hazel shells with sweet kernels and to help bloom some more flowers. b) And still more, later flowers for the bees, Until they think warm days lead never cease. i) What does the poet mean by the later flowers? Ans.By the later flowers, the poet means to convey that flowering does not look into i mmediately after summer in fact it continues though the number gets reduced. These are known as later flowers. ii) What makes the bees feel that warm days will never cease? Ans. The presence of later flowers and approachability of honey for the bees makes them feel that the warm days shall never cease. iii) Describe the bee hives. Ans. The bees have collected a visual modality of honey during summer, yet the presence of the later flowers makes them collect more and add it to their collection which is now over-filled in their sticky cells. ) Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find Thee sitting careless on a granary floor, Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind i) Who or what is existence talked of here? Ans. Autumn is being talked of here. ii) What is the poetic device employed here and what is its effect? Ans. The poetic device employed here is personification as autumn is being described as a woman engaged in various harvest related activities. iii) Why is she seen sitting carelessly on the granary floor? What activity was she involved in? Ans. She can be seen sitting carelessly on the granary floor as she was engaged in winnowing work, i. e. eparating the chaff from the corn and she is sitting carelessly because she is not worried as the harvest has been very good. It is picture of fulfillment or contentment. iv) Mention at least two more places she can be seen. Also mention in what condition she can be seen at these places. Ans. She can be seen in a sleeping posture, as she had been induced to sleep by the intoxicating smell of the poppies growing in the field along with the corn, in a half-reaped furrow while her sickle spares the next swath. She can similarly be seen as a gleaner, crossing a brook and keeping her head steady.She can be seen sitting patiently at a cider-press and watching for the last drops of apple juice trickling down from the press. d) return not of them, thou hast thy music too, i) Who is being addressed here? Ans. Autumn is being addressed here. ii) This line is the answer to a question asked by the poet. What is the question? Ans. The question is Where are the songs of spring? Ay, where are they? iii) What is being referred to as them here and why should the addressee not think of them? Ans. The songs of spring is being referred to as them here and the addressee, i. . autumn should not think of them as it is useless to think of the past. Its rather wise to live in the present. Besides, autumn has its own music too. iv) Name a few sources of music associated with the addressee. Ans. The mourning of the gnats, the loud bleats of the full-grown lambs, the songs of the hedge-crickets, the whistles of the red-breast and the twittering of the swallows are the prominent sounds associated with the addressee, autumn. e) Where are the songs of the Spring Ay, where are they? Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,While veto clouds bloom the soft-dying day, And touch the stubble plains with rosy hue i) Nam e the poet and the poem. Ans. The poet is John Keats and the poem is Ode to Autumn. ii) Who is being referred to as thou? Ans. Autumn is being referred to as thou. iii) What does the poet mean when he says songs of spring? Ans. By the songs of spring the poet refers to the joy and exuberance of spring season. iv) What image is conjured up with stubble plains? Ans. The grain has been harvested and only the short, juiceless stalks remain like the stubble of hair on the face.

Analysis of Modern Love by Douglas Dunn Essay

What ar the poets thoughts and feelings about have it awaymaking?In Modern Love, Dunn presents many ideas about the mental process of current eff, and they ways in which it differs from what he might perceive as traditional, or true have a go at it. He possibly discusses how advanced(a) love is superficial, and solely a facade, as well as how modern love is interrupted by a variety of new(prenominal) commitments, but also how love is possibly the just now escape from an otherwise lingering and dreary life.Dunn initially talks about the superficiality of modern love by talking about how they are enjoying minutes of rented silence. The concomitant that it is a rented silence suggests that it is precisely temporary, showing how modern love is not permanent. Furthermore, it could also suggest that to achieve these minutes, there has been a cost involved, whether monetary or purely symbolic. In addition, it says there is not much to show for love, further portray how this lov e is ineffectual, and that not much has been achieved by this love. The fact that they are in a house that is not theirs further shows what length this couple has to go to to put up the facade of modern love. The juxtaposition of the word love with alone further displays the disconnection in the relationship of modern love. The powerful use of enjambment could be used to signify the constant progression of time throughout this poem, during which no love is taking place.Furthermore, Dunn discusses how modern love is often interrupted by other commitments, namely, the family. Dunn writes how the under-tens and invalids are finally asleep. The reference to what rear end be assumed to be the elderly as invalids is around derogatory, and this could be used to showcase the resentment shown towards them, as they may be responsible for the failures of modern love. In addition, the fact that they can completely procure minutes of silence from this, shows how much these other commitments i ntrude into their love, and the fact that they prefer to enjoy the silence shows how feverish their involvement with their family can be. The reference to the family as the upstairs people, can possibly be used to suggest how this couple wants to distance themselves from the family, which can possibly suggest that the loudspeaker yearns for a loving relationship, but this is not possible.However, it can also be said that this love is their only solace from an otherwise dull and dreary lifestyle. The fact that they choose to enjoy silence can be used to show that they simply value to spend time together to get away from their hectic daily lives. The fact that it is said that their lives flap is personification used to convey how there is a smell out of disorganisedness or desperation in their lives, and Dunn goes on to write how there is no hope of better merriment than this, which goes to show that although modern love may be ineffectual and dull, it is the highlight of their l ives.The fact that the poem is 14 lines long shows that it is written in the style of a sonnet, which could possibly suggest that there is some historical love being represented here, and that the whole poem is not necessarily a criticism of modern love. Alternatively, however, this structure could have potentially been used sarcastically. Dunn also writes how all other lives are worn mickle to trees and sunlight and how they look forward to a visit from the cat, and this could be used to highlight how dull and uneventful their lives have become, and how modern love is their only escape from this.Overall, although Dunn portrays Modern Love as somewhat of a facade, and superficial, as well as being constantly being interrupted by other commitments, he may also be trying to state how modern love is often the only solace couples have from their increasingly dull and dreary lives.

Global Warming Affects International Business

During the 20th century, the earths average surface temperature join ond by 0. 6 (). 2C (Folland et al. 2001), and theres strong evidence that compassionate activities argon the main cause of this trend (Mitchell et al. 2001). This increase in globose surface temperature is thought to have at least some effect on the frequency of extreme weather events due to climate changes (Folland et al. 2001), and there is concern that these changes will have an great impact on various industries (Hitz and Smith 2004).Balancing environmental measures with economic development, that is, operative toward sustainable development, is the thorough goal of spheric environmental policies, including those for global warming (Hijioka, Masui, Takahashi, Matsuoka, and Harasawa 2006). Over the last decade, scientists have extensively canvass the nursery effect, which holds that the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) is expected to produce global warming and other significant climatic changes over the next century (Mendelsohn, Nordhaus and Shaw, 1994).In this essay, we will be discussing about the impact to an analysis of global warming change effects on agriculture and insurance industries, and some qualitative conclusions on the sex act importance of the government decision. Numerous studies indicate major impacts on agriculture, especially if there is significant mid-continental drying and warming in the country (Mendelsohn et al. , 1994). Normally, sky-high food prices reflect scarcity caused by crop failure.Stocks are provide down as every 1 lives off last years stores. This year harvests have been poor in some places, notably Australia, where the drought-hit wheat crop failed for the second year running. And world cereals stocks as a proportion of yieldion are the lowest ever recorded. The run-down has been accentuated by the decision of large countries (America and China) to compress stocks to save money (Peterson, 1979).With appraise to research on global warmin g, United States and other outside(a) research programs are aiming towards improving emerging predictions. Such programs are arguably weakest in modelling feedbacks from human activities, including effects of trends towards greater urbanization and disforestation on local and regional climates. Economic incentives and culturally motivated practices are in large let out driving changes in land use.Understanding incentives and responses by individuals, companies, and governments in developing countries will strengthen the human behavioural component of feedbacks to the climate system. U. S farm constitution merits reform to increase farmers flexibility in responding to climatic changes without financial penalties that government programs may potentially give to such responses. Besides, government also offer price support programs to inhibit climate change adaptation.Subsidies, tariffs and non-tariff barriers continue to distort world trade in agriculture and food. Subsidised pric es reduce the ability of farmers in non-subsidising countries to earn a sustainable income and generate the detonator required to increase production and improve productivity (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekera, 2011). For example, todays farmers are pay any positive difference between the support price for any program commodity and the international market price.International commodity markets smooth the price effects of production and consumption shocks, so changes in the patterns of food consumption induced by climate change thus are tempered by open trade or called give up trade (Robert and Sally, 1995). Free trade occurs when there is an absence of barriers to the at large(p) flow of goods and services between countries Free trade might also increase the efficiency with which a countrys stock of resources of resources, as increased supplies of labour and capital from abroad become uncommitted for use within the country (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekera, 2011).One manifestation i nsight is the joint implementation near to greenhouse flatulence reductions initiated by several countries, including the U. S. Under joint implementation, the least costly projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or enhance carbon sinks can be pursued jointly crossways countries by, in essence, giving private agents and governments opportunities to meet emission reduction targets anywhere and in cooperation with ay others around the world.For example, forestry projects are one of the important outcomes of joint implementation in agriculture industry. Planting trees in reforestation or afforestation projects enhances the sorbefacient capacity of the biosphere and leads to carbon dioxide reductions in the atmosphere(Robert and Sally, 1995). Besides, Tesco, a European supermarket chain, is beginning a program to provide a global warming rating for everything it sells (Scot, 2007). The chain is creating an index to measure the carbon footprint required to produce, package, and transference ach product in its stores. Consumers can then include the carbon footprint along with price and product quality when making purchasing decisions. Weather and climate are core business for the insurance industry. umteen extreme weather events such as cyclones, hailstorms, bushfires and floods are projected to increase in either loudness or frequency under climate change. A changing, less predictable climate has the potential to reduce the insurance industrys capacity to calculate, price and spread this weather- colligate risk.In Australia, 19 out of the 20 most costly natural disasters, in terms of property insurance losses, have been weather related (Michael, 2007). While insurers face huge risks for societys failure to act to curb greenhouse gas emissions, there are untapped opportunities for the insurance industry to use its financial muscle to push for changes in government policies as well as damaging business practices of the oil and fossil fuel queen generating companies and the auto industry, to name the most obvious (Carrie, 2003).Analysis of the risks associated with climate change provides insurance companies with a working example of the benefits in considering long-run as well as short term issues. Understanding long-term risks and opportunities enables insurers to ensure our business is sustainable in the long term, while generating enduring shareholder value (Michael, 2007).Insurers and reinsurers victimization their considerable financial resources as catalysts for the development of renewable, emission reductions and energy efficient technologies could serve the industry by reducing risks and opening up new lines of business activity (Carrie, 2003). Government is committed to undertaking bring forward research to increase the scientific understanding of the impacts of global warming, to identify ways to reduce the impact that global warming is expected to have on society and to identify insurance based, policies incentives for a reduction in future greenhouse gas emissions.However, success in dealing with this global problem requires action across the entire economy. While we are learning more about the economics and geophysics of global warming, policy makers should continue to seek ways to minimize social costs of climate change and change mitigation, a process which the economics profession has much to contribute. Prominent examples of efficiency-enhancing policy measures are he promotion of free trade, the liberalization of farm policy, and the joint implementation of greenhouse gas reduction objectives under the Framework prescript on Climate change (Robert and Sally, 1995). Climate change presents a strong case for the need for business, governments and alliance groups to work together to find sustainable solutions to this critical challenge of the 21st century (Michael, 2007).

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Journal - Assignment ExampleBush cowboy diplomacy, the Iraq warfare and Americas lowest standing on the international stage.In the coming weeks, Obama advisers plan to disoblige a list of national security surrogates high-profile Democrats like former Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright and Wesley K. Clark, a retired full general who will write newspaper op-ed articles, give speeches and take Mr. Romney to task every time he opens his rim about foreign policy, Obama advisers said.The plan is to draw a contrast between Mr. Obama who, his advisers say, kept his word on ending the Iraq war, going aggressively after Al Qaeda and restoring alliances around the world and Mr. Romney, who will be portrayed as playing both sides of numerous issues.He was for and against the removal of Qaddafi, for and against setting a timetable to bow out our troops from Afghanistan, for and against enforcing trade laws against China, and while he once said he would not move heaven and earth to get Osama bin Laden, he later claimed that any president would have authorized the representation to do so, said Ben LaBolt, press secretary for the Obama campaign.The more aggressive posture is a break from the past, when Democrats on the national stage battled against the perception that the party was not as committed as Republicans were to a steady defense and an aggressive response to terrorism. Mr. Obama himself, during the 2008 campaign, drew criticism from both Republicans and his primary opponent, Hillary Rodham Clinton, for what they called his navet, curiously over his willingness to talk, without preconditions, to American foes like Iran.But Mr. Obamas victory that year over Senator John McCain, a Vietnam War hero, was in part a result of an electorate weary from years of combat in Afghanistan and Iraq. Now, with a record that includes winding down the Iraq war and killing Bin Laden, coupled with the success of the military strikes in Libya and the removal